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Poor cutting due to want of care or lack of experience. Note poor spacing, overlapping of blanks, and
1. Poor cutting due to want of care or lack of experience. Note poor spacing, overlapping of blanks, and exposed margins of shell, indicating that blanks were pushed out
Illustrating careful, methodical cutting
2. Illustrating careful, methodical cutting
Illustrating wasteful cutting practiced in earliest stages of fresh-water pearl-button manufacturing
3. Illustrating wasteful cutting practiced in earliest stages of fresh-water pearl-button manufacturing industry
Illustrating economical use of shells of various sizes
4. Illustrating economical use of shells of various sizes

Illustrating theoretically correct use of shell for small blanks
5. Illustrating theoretically correct use of shell for small blanks
Illustrating reasonably careful practice in cutting. In endeavoring to cut too closely the shell in lower
6. Illustrating reasonably careful practice in cutting. In endeavoring to cut too closely the shell in lower right-hand corner the saw was destroyed.
Button Factory, Muscatine, Iowa
7. Button Factory, Muscatine, Iowa
Original foot-power lathe employed by Mr. Boepple in the inauguration of the fresh-water pearl-button
8. Original foot-power lathe employed by Mr. Boepple in the inauguration of the fresh-water pearl-button industry

Glimpse of the Mussel Business at Leclaire, Iowa, where the mussels are bought from the fishermen, cleaned,
9. Glimpse of the Mussel Business at Leclaire, Iowa, where the mussels are bought from the fishermen, cleaned, and the shells sent by rail and water to button factories. In the pile shown there are 350 tons of....shells
Pacific Fisherman Vol 7, No 03
10. Pacific Fisherman Vol 7, No 03
Valve of Unio in its Natural State, and the same with 'blanks' cut out from it. Blanks as cut; three
11. Valve of Unio in its Natural State, and the same with 'blanks' cut out from it. Blanks as cut; three upper figures showing inside, three lower showing outside with or or less of the epidermis. The same ground but not 'centered' or polished. The same centered. i.e. with the central depression made, but not the holes. The same with the holes drilled complete. A dozen buttons, as fastened on card for sale
Shells of mussels reared in a pond from glochildia artificially infected upon fish. The buttons were
12. Shells of mussels reared in a pond from glochildia artificially infected upon fish. The buttons were cut from the shells within two years from the date of infection. The quality is good, but the shells are yet too thin for commercial uses

Mussels at the age of one year and four months, and buttons cut from them. These mussels were the product
13. Mussels at the age of one year and four months, and buttons cut from them. These mussels were the product of artificial infection and rearing by the crate method
Interior of Button Factory. Grinding the Blanks
14. Interior of Button Factory. Grinding the Blanks
Interior of Button Factory. Drilling Holes in the Buttons
15. Interior of Button Factory. Drilling Holes in the Buttons
Interior of Button Factory. Sorting the buttons, sewing them on cards, and packing in boxes
16. Interior of Button Factory. Sorting the buttons, sewing them on cards, and packing in boxes

Large 'Deerhorn' (Tritgonia verrucosa) from which Twenty-Eight Rough Blanks Have Been Cut
17. Large 'Deerhorn' (Tritgonia verrucosa) from which Twenty-Eight Rough Blanks Have Been Cut
Interior of Button Factory. Sawing the rough blanks
18. Interior of Button Factory. Sawing the rough blanks
Samples of undersized mussel shells used in button making
19. Samples of undersized mussel shells used in button making
Cutting machine of simple type
20. Cutting machine of simple type
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