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The interior characteristics of a pelcoypod shell. Left valve of Vesus gnidia: A, anterior; B, posterior;
1. The interior characteristics of a pelcoypod shell. Left valve of Vesus gnidia: A, anterior; B, posterior; C, dorsal; D, ventral margin; AB, length; CD, breadth of shell; a. m., anterior; p. m., posterior impressions of adductor muscle; p, pallial line; p. s., palial sinus; l, ligamnt; ln, lunule; u, umbo; c, cardinal teeth; a. t., anterior lateral tooth; p. t., posterior lateral tooth
[Quahog:]
Photograph taken from a model in the Museum of Natural History in New York. The different
2. [Quahog:]
Photograph taken from a model in the Museum of Natural History in New York. The different portions of the anatomy are indicated by the labels. The sympol A. A. and P. A. refer to the anterior and posterior adductor muscles, which hold the two valves of the shell together. The posterior part of the animal is represented by the siphon, which consists of two parts, an incurrent and an excurrent, through which the water enters and leaves the quahaug in the directions indicated by the arrows. In the mantle chamber the food is filtered from the water by the gills, which are here shown cut off near their base.
Paralichthys. Group of Paralichthys on a white background containing considerable debris scattered over
3. Paralichthys. Group of Paralichthys on a white background containing considerable debris scattered over it. All of the specimens are albiguttus except the large one above and to the left, which is dentalus. Note that this specimen has five dark areas, two rather inconspicuous ones near the head and three near the posterior end. In some specimens there are several others nearly as conspicuous as these. In albiguttus there are but three, the two near the posterior end of the base of the fin being absent. The difference in shade in the different individuals is largely due to difference in their past experience
Swimming attitudes of young lobsters in the first free stages; a, lobster swimming with body bent in
4. Swimming attitudes of young lobsters in the first free stages; a, lobster swimming with body bent in the usual quadrant form, the head directed downward and often at a greater angle; the swimming branches (and the permanent limbe rather more than here shown) directed backward, in "posterior" position of Hadley; resulting movement upward and backward; b, young lobster playing cannibal, swimming astride the carcass of another which it has nipped at the junction of the carapace and abdomen and holds with its prehensile legs; c, swimming with the thoracic legs directed forward; in "anterior" position of Hadley; resulting movement upward and forward; d, rising position occasionally assumed; e, slowly moving or "floating" position sometimes observed; f, lobster "standing on head," apparently probint the bottom with rostrum, but really too weak to rise

48- Paralichthys albiguttus, 12 cm long, fully adapted to a very light gray background. This specimen
5. 48- Paralichthys albiguttus, 12 cm long, fully adapted to a very light gray background. This specimen continuously appeared somewhat darker than the background. Note that the three ocelli have almost entirely disappeared. 49- Individual (B)..., on black and white background (dots 0.5 mm. in diameter).... Dots of this size, no matter how numerous, had no effect except perhaps to cause the skin to become uniformly slightly grayer. 50- Individual (B) on black and white background (dots 1 mm in diameter)...after having been fully adapted to 1 cm. squares. These spots have no appreciable effect on the skin unless they are more numerous than they are in this background. 51- Individual (B) on black and white background (dots 1 mm. in diameter)....after having been fully adapted to dots 2 mm. in diameter. Note that the posterior ocellus is much darker than on white, but that the two anterior ones are not....
Parts of a gasteropod shell: a, anterior canal; b, body-whorl; c, columella; t, outer lip; m, mouth or
6. Parts of a gasteropod shell: a, anterior canal; b, body-whorl; c, columella; t, outer lip; m, mouth or aperture; p, posterior canal; s, sutures; sp, spire; u, umbilicus
Fishes' Eye.
i, crystallized pupil; ee', cornea; mm', choroid; h, posterior chambers; c, optic nerve
7. Fishes' Eye.
i, crystallized pupil; ee', cornea; mm', choroid; h, posterior chambers; c, optic nerve
Teredo navalis from Port Costa:
Posterior end, showing pallets and siphons, enlarged
8. Teredo navalis from Port Costa:
Posterior end, showing pallets and siphons, enlarged

Teredo diegensis Bartsch:
Posterior end showing pallets and siphons
9. Teredo diegensis Bartsch:
Posterior end showing pallets and siphons
Leptaena rhomboidalis (Silurian)
A, External view of ventral valve.
B, Interior of ventral valve;
10. Leptaena rhomboidalis (Silurian)
A, External view of ventral valve.
B, Interior of ventral valve; a, occlusor scars; d, pseudo-deltidium; d,f, divaricator scars; c,a, hinge are; t, teeth
C, Interior of dorsal valve: a.a, anterior occlusor scars; p.a, posterior occlusor scars; c.a, hinge area; c.p, cardinal process; d, chilidium; s, dental sockets; v.s, vascular sinuses
Semi-diagrammatic figure of the muscular system of Crania (after Blochmann):
a, anterior occlusor;
11. Semi-diagrammatic figure of the muscular system of Crania (after Blochmann):
a, anterior occlusor; b, posterior occlusor; c, superior oblique; d, inferior oblque; e, retractor of the arms; f, elevator of the arms; g, protractor of the arms; h, unpaired median muscle. The dorsal valve is uppermost
Diagram illustrating the relations between branchiae, heart, and aorta in the Mollusca;
A, in Chiton;
B,
12. Diagram illustrating the relations between branchiae, heart, and aorta in the Mollusca;
A, in Chiton;
B, Pelecypoda;
C, Dibranchiate Cephalopoda;
D, Tetrabranchiate Cephalopoda;
E, Prosobranchiata Zygobranchiata;
F, Prosobranchiata Azygobranchiata;
G, Prosobranchiata Monotocardia;
H, Opisthobranchiata Tectibranchiata:
1, Ventricla; 2, Auricle; 3, Aorta; 3a, Cephalic aorta; 3b, Visceral aorta; 3c, Posterior aorta

Glochidium:
 A, immediately after it is hatched: ad, adductor muscle; by, 'byssus' cord; s, sense
13. Glochidium:
A, immediately after it is hatched: ad, adductor muscle; by, 'byssus' cord; s, sense organs; sh, shell
B, after it has been on the fish for some weeks: a.ad, p.ad, anterior and posterior adductors; al, alimentary canal; au.v, auditory vesicle; br, branchiae; f, foot; mt, mantle. (Balfour)
[Quahog Eggs]:
Fig.15.--Ciliated gastrula, ten hours after fecundation. The embryo Can now swim through
14. [Quahog Eggs]:
Fig.15.--Ciliated gastrula, ten hours after fecundation. The embryo Can now swim through the water by means of hairlike cilia. The larger cells have become invaginated.
Fig.16.--Trochosphere stage, twelve to fourteen hours after fecundation. The body has elongated and the cilia are now confined to the front end. The opening of the primitive mouth (pm) cn be seen on the lower side, while above is a slight indentation corresponding to the eginning of the shell gland (sg).
Fig.17.--Formation of the shell, which arises at two symmetrical points of calcification, right and left of the median line, and gradually envelops the animal.
Fig.18.--Early veliger swimmer with velum extended from the shell, about thirty-six hours after fecundation. aa, anterior adductor muscle, pa, posterior adductor muscle, s, stomach, a, anus, mt, mouth, v, velum.
Fig.19.--Veliger slightly older than shown in Fig.18. The intesting (i) has elongated, and the liver (l) is more prominent.
Left crusher claw of lobster, partly dissected from upper side, to show relations of muscles, nerves,
15. Left crusher claw of lobster, partly dissected from upper side, to show relations of muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and skin with principal branches of claw arteries and nerves laid bare. art, large artery which supplies both muscles of claw, and breaks into a regular system of branches in fine meat of tips; n (1), n (2), posterior and anterior nerve trunks supplying, respectively, the exterior (Ex6) and thumb, and the flexor (fl6) and index
Transverse section of body of female lobster in plane of gastric mill..... ad. m. abductor mandibuli
16. Transverse section of body of female lobster in plane of gastric mill..... ad. m. abductor mandibuli muscle; art, branchio-cardiac vessel; arth. br., arthrobranch; br. cav., branchal cavity; brs, branchiostegite; d. g. g. duct of gastric gland; fl. g. ch. based flexor of great chelipad; g. g. gastric gland; int. s. internal skeleton in roof of sternal sinus; n. (x), main nerve of great cheliped; p. g. m. i., first division of posterior gastric muscle; p. br., pleurobranch; Podo br., posobranch; i. ad. m., tendon of abductor mandibull muscle; th. fl, floor of thoracic cavity

Mya arenaria. Ten camera outlines of shells varying in length from 0.4 mm to 7.5 mm. They are intended
17. Mya arenaria. Ten camera outlines of shells varying in length from 0.4 mm to 7.5 mm. They are intended to illustrate the change from a rounded outline in smaller individuals to the elongated condition of older forms. There is at first a more rapid posterior, and subsequently a more rapid anterior, growth of shell, which causes the relative position of the umbo to shift forward, and then back to a position midway between the two extremities of the shell
Salmon-Colored Pearl, weighing 14 1/2 pearl grains, lying loose where it was formed in a shell, from
18. Salmon-Colored Pearl, weighing 14 1/2 pearl grains, lying loose where it was formed in a shell, from Linn Junction, Iowa. The pearl is nearly hemispherical, or 'button-shaped,' somewhat one sided, but perfect above. It occupied a depression at the posterior end of the right valve, and had caused a marked outgrowth or protuberance of the other valve.
A-Interior view of the right valve, with the pearl in place
Salmon-Colored Pearl, weighing 14 1/2 pearl grains, lying loose where it was formed in a shell, from
19. Salmon-Colored Pearl, weighing 14 1/2 pearl grains, lying loose where it was formed in a shell, from Linn Junction, Iowa. The pearl is nearly hemispherical, or 'button-shaped,' somewhat one sided, but perfect above. It occupied a depression at the posterior end of the right valve, and had caused a marked outgrowth or protuberance of the other valve.
B-Valve with the pearl removed, showing the depression where it had lain. C- The pearl itself taken out. D-Exterior view of the left valve, showing the protuberance corresponding to the pearl
Adult worm (Polydora) (1) ; Great hooks of the fifth segment of the bosy (2) ; Spear-tipped bristles
20. Adult worm (Polydora) (1) ; Great hooks of the fifth segment of the bosy (2) ; Spear-tipped bristles accompanying the former (3); Hooks of the posterior region of the body (4); Front and side view of the of the bristles of the same species (5) ; Caudal segment and its cup (6)
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